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Ageing As A Negative Development - 3507 Words

Introduction Ageing is traditionally viewed with negative impressions, and it is typical of society to stereotype older people. Even in the field of science, ageing is considered a negative development. A common view of ageing among academics, psychologists and medical physicians about ageing, is that it is associated with loss or deteriorating cognitive ability. This in itself is discriminating and a form of social stigma and stereotyping against older people (Lupien and Wan, 2004). For some cultures, ageing is a blessing and the older people are revered and honoured, for others, ageing is more or less a curse, a burden and a reason for stereotyping, stigma and discrimination. The United Kingdom (UK) is experiencing a growing ageing†¦show more content†¦However, just a little above 50% believes that the government is helpful to the older population (AgeUK, 2015). These records suggest that there is health and social inequalities among ageing population in the UK. Inequality is known to take many dimensions, whether in health or social life. The concept of inequalities is agreed by many to be a product of unfavourable treatment of a certain group of people or individuals; separated by age, gender, socio-economic status ethnicity or race. Many scholars have argued that to understanding inequalities, it is important to have clear knowledge of certain factors like the categories mentioned above, and also the measure of the experience itself. According to Dahlgren and Whitehead (1998), the categories of age, gender, social class, ethnicity and race influences the experience of equality in the society, either in terms of good health outcome, manifestation illness, or even the access to health services. In light of this, it is important to consider some of the factors both as singular entities and/or in connection with each other factors so as to develop clear understanding of how they affect or influence experiences. In discussing health inequalities, age has become an important topic owing to growing rate of ageing population in the United Kingdom (UK) which has resulted to a rising healthcare needs for the aging population. The number of people in England and Wales as at

Performance Measurement And Costing System - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Performance Measurement And Costing System. Answer: Introduction: With rise in competition among the firms, it has been highly essential for the managers to understand the importance of cost for their firms irrespective of its size. Whether it is a big multinational organisation or a small firm, it is important to understand the costing method (Hemmer and Labro 2016). Main goal of understanding the costing is to provide proper information regarding the internal decision-making and provide much needed outlook for the control and planning purpose of the firm (Cooper 2017). Besides this, knowledge regarding costing aids the mangers to assess the alteration in the market scenario and trace out changes in trade. This report considers the TDABC method of costing and highlights its various importances. Besides this, an overview regarding different methods of costing that include ABC and traditional method of costing will be given in this analysis. Along with this, the report will try to draw difference between TDABC, traditional costing system and ABC met hod of costing. Moving further, the report will highlight the suitability of TDABC in the ADCO construction and provide details regarding implementation of TDABC in the firm. Description of the clients firm: The ADCO Construction is one of the leading construction companies of Australia that has been serving national project since 1972 (Adcoconstruct.com.au, 2018). According to the words of ADCO Construction, until 2017, the company has served almost 3,500 completed projects and it is valued at $10 billion. With its annual revenue figure of $1 billion and almost 600 employees, ADCO is one of the top 50 private organisations of Australia. Main service of the brand lies in the construction industry and its high level of resources enable the firm to remain aligned with the latest techniques of construction. Besides this, the firm is well known for its practical utilisation of materials and products that provides the firm efficiency, which is at par with the commercial manner. Continued success of the ADCO Construction has enabled the firm to find its customer from blue chip base of client that comprise state, federal and local government agencies (Adcoconstruct.com.au, 2018). Besides this, the firm has served various institutional and private corporate with their service of construction, making the firm a market leader in the construction industry. The firm has wide base of 580 to 600 direct employees and 40% of them are engaged in operation with the firm for more than 7 years (Adcoconstruct.com.au, 2018). With their efficient allocation of human capital and resource allocation, turnover rate is lower than its competitors that have lead the firm to a better goodwill. ADCO Construction guarantees delivery to their clients, according to the manager of the firm, which has been gained through combination of unique techniques, skilled labour and idea of costing. Description regarding TDABC and its features: Until 1984, firms used to prefer traditional method for costing, however scenario changed when Activity Based Costing (ABC) came into action. Traditional mechanism of costing was introduced during 1920, and it used to consider only three costing parameters, which are materials, labour and overhead (Weygandt, Kimmel. and Kieso 2015). However, with change in market scenario and economy of business, traditional costing mechanism started to become complex and traditional accounting failed to calculate the overheads. By the time of 1984, firms started to utilize distorted information regarding orders, customers, products and profitability that has crippled the standard method of accounting. Thus, during 1984, a new mechanism of costing was introduced, which was known as the ABC (Plank 2018). Activity Based Costing mechanism was presented as the completed method of costing that not only addresses the pitfalls of the traditional methods moreover enable the mangers to customize it depending upon the requirement of the present scenario. However, many firms rejected it due to various complications leading to search for another model of costing that addresses the drawback of the ABC mechanism. According to the Prasad (2014)Major reasons for rejecting the ABC model were its organisational and behavioural resistance. Besides this, the ABC model was intricate to sustain, hard to customize according to the need and expensive to introduce in the firm. It need rigorous survey and interviewing of the employees that makes it complex and expensive to be implemented in the firms. Moreover, if any customization required, then reinter viewing and resurvey need to be done, making it complex. Success came in 2004, when one of the initiator of ABC model, Kaplan, brings in another new mechani sm of costing, which is known as the Time Driven Activity based Costing (TDABC) (Kaplan 2014). According to him, TDABC is more accurate, elegant and simplified approach for costing. Besides this, TDABC is cost effective mechanism of costing and it aids the firm to customize the model deepening upon the requirement. TDABC offers better information regarding the earnings of the firms and it accurately demonstrates the frequency of profit. Utilizing the cost difference among the customers who have higher demand along with complex client preference than those who have lower demand along easy customer preference, TDABC highlights accurate result of profitability of the firms (Afonso and Santana 2016). Simplifying the process of costing compared to the ABC method was one of the main reasons for bringing in the TDABC and it successfully does so. This new model of costing does not require any surveying or interviewing for resource allocation for the activities of the firm before inserting them into the cost objectives; instead, TDABC model using a comprehensive framework, assigns the cost of resources directly toward the cost objectives. Utilizing two set of factors TDABC calculates the costing details of a firm and enables the managers to assess their optimal outcome, profitability and various other f actors that affects the firms business. Two factors of computing TDABC are as follows (Stouthuysen et al. 2014): Rather than using the information from survey and interview, it computes the cost of resource supplying TDABC utilizes the Capacity Cost Rate in order to bring in departmental costs into the computation of cost through estimation of resource capacity for demand. Using the time requirement for performing an activity, TDABC is highly efficient to recognize the cost of every unit including the cost of allocation. Various features of the TDABC are as follows (AhmadPour and AzimiMoghadam 2016): It is a complete strategic model, which is fast, easy to build and inexpensive in nature This model successfully identifies the opportunities for capacity management and process efficiencies One of the best features of this model is that it can be customized and updated easily depending upon the requirement of the firm The model is based on the individual customer orders, suppliers, process and transactions, thus it is efficient and effective for cost calculation of the firm This model allows forecasting demand of resources that permit the companies to frame their budget and trace out ideal level of output utilizing the database technologies and application software TDABC integrate Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) information though an efficient way and enables the TDABC to become a vibrant system for Customer Relationship Management Difference among traditional costing mechanism, TDABC and ABC: Utilizing the imitation of equation ad variable TDABC projects numerous forecasts for the firm. Compared to the ABC method, it determines the cost allocation for every department depending upon the cost object of every department (Namazi 2016). These are the various differences between the traditional costing, TDABC and ABC: .Traditional Costing ABC TDABC Traditional costing method aids to allocate overhead cost for each unit produced. Various overhead activities are identified in ABC method for proper calculation of the costing. Finding out numerous clusters of resources is the focus of TDABC. It considers only three variables for computation of the cost, which are materials, labour and overhead. This mechanism of costing considers the survey and interview of firms employee to chalk out the costing. This framework of the costing needs only the information regarding cost of resource supplying for cost (Santana, Afonso and Rocha 2014). Cost of productions is allocated only to the products. It finds the cost driver for different activities and then allocates then calculates the cost. It includes the Capacity Cost Rate in order to bring in departmental costs into the computation of cost It is not potent to differentiate between non-manufacturing cost with the item produced It divides the total amount of activity by the practical amount of activity for each task in order to compute the cist driver. It finds the cost driver by dividing the each unit cost with the practical capacity of each group. Table 1: Difference among traditional costing mechanism, TDABC and ABC Source: (Created by Author) Traditional mechanism of costing was introduced way back during 1920s and uses direct labour hours for deciding the costing overheads for manufacturing of each product. However, it fails to differentiate between the non-manufacturing cost and the manufacturing cost that makes it unable for the customizations. One the other hand, new mechanism of TDABC aids the firm to measure effectiveness in production of the goods and services of the firm. According to the Gunasekaran, Williams and McGaughey 2015, TDABC requires time projection for the process in order to process the customer orders and it does not mandatorily follow the principal of traditional accounting system, where customer cost need to be equal with the projected cost. Suitability check of TDABC for firms clients: Utilizing the traditional framework of costing for the ADCO Construction the firm can distribute the cost of its resources towards the activities before sending them toward the cost objects. One of the important consideration need to look out in this regard is that the TDABC mechanism will be beneficial for the firm because it uses smart framework for the estimation of the profit (Todorovic 2014) . TDABC uses Cost Capacity Rate for finding the resource cost by utilizing the demand of the resources, which will help the ADCO Construction in time estimation for customer order process. Moreover, it would aid the firm to have a watch on the variations in the market and alert the firm regarding the projection of storage, capital and production requirement (Namazi 2016). Additionally it would help the firm to sustain in its business ventures proving it better sustainability. Thus from the above analysis it can be stated that if the ADCO Construction used the TDBAC framework, then it would help the firm to have better profitability and smooth transformation of its business from ABC to TDABC (Hoozee and Hansen 2014). Smart framework of the TDABC would be beneficial for the firm to upgrade and customize the accounting mechanism for the firm and enable it to forecast the demand properly. Additional benefits of utilizing the TDABC for the ADCO Construction is that it if the firm uses TDABC, then it would cost less for accounting because it does not require any survey and interviewing of the employee of various departments and enhance the ERP (Ai-Min et al. 2016). Moreover, it is also required to highlight that being a flexible framework of costing; it would enable the firm to customize the model for further alteration in future depending upon the requirement. Conclusion: The report has analyzed the various aspects of TDABC and compared it with the ABC and the traditional mechanism of auditing. From the comparison, it has been found that TDABC is far more superior and complete mechanism of costing calculation. It not only simple and inexpensive, moreover it aids the firms to forecast their demand and make budgetary framework accordingly. This report was meant to analyze if an organisation like ADCO Construction imply TDABC into its framework, then how would be the suitability of this implementation. The report has found that TDABC, being the easiest framework of costing, would be highly beneficial for the firm. TDABC model will help the firm to avoid costly mechanism of costing and saves lot of time on behalf of this computation. Moreover, the report has found that TDABC will help the managers of the ADCO Construction, to overcome the problems related to their CRM and ERP system. Though TDABC analyzes the historical data, however, it can effectively d etermine the future trend and help the firm like ADCO Construction to forecast their future. To conclude, it can be said that, TDABC is a complete mechanism of costing and if the ADCO Construction implement it in its framework, then it would help the firm to become more successful with its ventures by utilizing the cost effective mechanism of costing and forecasting. Reference: Adcoconstruct.com.au. (2018).Overview | ADCO. [online] Available at: https://www.adcoconstruct.com.au/about-us/overview/ [Accessed 25 Jan. 2018]. Adcoconstruct.com.au. (2018).Projects | ADCO. [online] Available at: https://www.adcoconstruct.com.au/projects/ [Accessed 25 Jan. 2018]. AhmadPour, J. and AzimiMoghadam, A., 2016. Identifying operational improvements during the design process of costing system based on time-driven ABC (TDABC)(The role of staff public participation and leadership style).Bulletin de la Socit Royale des Sciences de Lige,85, pp.999-1016. Ai-Min, D.E.N.G., Hong, L.I. and Hao, T.I.A.N., 2016. Based on the Cloud ERP and TDABC for the SMEs Logistics Cost Accounting.DEStech Transactions on Engineering and Technology Research, (sste). Cooper, R., 2017.Target costing and value engineering. Routledge. Gunasekaran, A., Williams, H.J. and McGaughey, R.E., 2015. Performance measurement and costing system in new enterprise.Technovation,25(5), pp.523-533. Hemmer, T. and Labro, E., 2016. Productions and Operations Management Management Accounting. Hooze, S. and Hansen, S., 2014. A comparison of activity-based costing and time-driven activity-based costing.Journal of Management Accounting Research. Kaplan, R.S., 2014. Improving value with TDABC.Healthcare Financial Management,68(6), pp.76-84. Namazi, M., 2016. Time-driven activity-based costing: Theory, applications and limitations.Iranian Journal of Management Studies,9(3), p.457. Plank, P., 2018. Introduction. InPrice and Product-Mix Decisions Under Different Cost Systems(pp. 1-5). Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden. Prasad, A.D., 2014. Must Make Cost Management Accounting Key to Building National Competitiveness.The MA Journal,49(8), pp.9-10. Prasad, A.D., 2014. Must Make Cost Management Accounting Key to Building National Competitiveness.The MA Journal,49(8), pp.9-10. Santana, A., Afonso, P. and ROCHA, A., 2014. Activity Based Costing and Time-Driven Activity Based Costing: Towards an Integrated Approach. InICOPEV-2nd International Conference on Project Evaluation, Guimares/PT. Stouthuysen, K., Schierhout, K., Roodhooft, F. and Reusen, E., 2014. Time-driven activity-based costing for public services.Public Money Management,34(4), pp.289-296. Todorovic, M., 2014. Key Aspects of Building and Application of Time Equations in Costs Calculation. Weygandt, J.J., Kimmel, P.D. and Kieso, D.E., 2015.Financial Managerial Accounting. John Wiley Sons.

Television and Media Violence TV and MTV M Essay Example For Students

Television and Media Violence TV and MTV M Essay edia Argumentative Persuasive Essays MTV: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly It would be hard for one to dispute the fact that MTV has influenced every pop culture trend since its birth in 1981. One could even say that MTV is pop culture. No other media network holds in the palm of its hand the power to control popular cultural evolution the way MTV does. What other media network has influenced and helped shape public opinion, filmmaking, newsgathering techniques, presidential politics, and world politics like MTV has? In addition to that, MTV can take credit for reconstructing the music industry (Rushkoff 126). One would be hard pressed to find a person who does not enjoy some type of music. We will write a custom essay on Television and Media Violence TV and MTV M specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Thus, Music television was built on a foundation that was virtually united by the whole world, and its popularity was inevitable. MTV chose popular music as its beating heart, instead of classical music or jazz. Young people around the country could now see their favorite music icons 24 hours a day, seven days a week. As a result, the young people of America were given a national/international platform to share their common voice, a voice that to this day wants to be heard. Since MTV has such a large hand in shaping the young minds of today, it is important that both parents and children are aware of the impact MTV has in their daily lives. In assessing the impact and effect of popular cultural forms like MTV, it is important to acknowledge the extent to which, rather than having them imposed upon us, we may instead appropriate or assimilate parts, whilst choosing to reject or ignore the rest. This, of course, has the consumer or viewer acting (or perhaps more accurately interacting) as opposed to simply passively receiving (Philo par 16).Even though critics of MTV stand strongly against the passive consumer, the fact remains that MTV has done wonderful things for Americas youth. Yet, where there is a Good, there is also a Bad and an Ugly. One of the many good things MTV has done is serve as the voice of youth in todays society. Demographic groups such as young African Americans had been socially silenced prior to MTVs ability to market urban music. Thus, MTVs ability to bring the unheard minoritys voice to an international level has helped to break down some of the cultural barriers that have stood in humanitys way for centuries. Rappers such as Ice T and Public (E)enemy raised eyebrows around the world with their lyrics protesting Government hippocracies and other social issues. In turn, these artists contributions help make rap/urban music an important and influential cultural movement, and also emerged the young African American voice into political issues. Such an accomplishment deserves worldly praise and appreciation (Rushkoff 161-165). On the same level, MTV has contributed to the involvement of young people in modern social issues. While segments such as MTV News, keep young viewers involved with world issues such as the Environment, safe sex, racial tolerance, and the AIDS virus, MTV has also had a hand in presidential politics. In the Presidential election year of 1992, MTV launched a series of public service announcements under the campaign heading of Rock the Vote. Rock stars backed the phrase Choose or Loose, in multiple on-air segments, giving issue awareness a marketable value. While presidential incumbent George Bush refused to appear on the teenybopper network, Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton held an open forum with an MTV audience. Considering Bush was a favorite among young adults in the 88 election, many people believe Bushs dismissal of the pop culture generation was a large reason for Clintons victory in 92. Even though MTV continues to make wonderful contributions to society such as those mentioned above, it can also have a harmful effect if we as a society do not recognize when things cross that Good to Bad line (Rushkoff 158-161). .u6ac0f49bcf10dc37d3317457e0784438 , .u6ac0f49bcf10dc37d3317457e0784438 .postImageUrl , .u6ac0f49bcf10dc37d3317457e0784438 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6ac0f49bcf10dc37d3317457e0784438 , .u6ac0f49bcf10dc37d3317457e0784438:hover , .u6ac0f49bcf10dc37d3317457e0784438:visited , .u6ac0f49bcf10dc37d3317457e0784438:active { border:0!important; } .u6ac0f49bcf10dc37d3317457e0784438 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6ac0f49bcf10dc37d3317457e0784438 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6ac0f49bcf10dc37d3317457e0784438:active , .u6ac0f49bcf10dc37d3317457e0784438:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6ac0f49bcf10dc37d3317457e0784438 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6ac0f49bcf10dc37d3317457e0784438 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6ac0f49bcf10dc37d3317457e0784438 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6ac0f49bcf10dc37d3317457e0784438 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6ac0f49bcf10dc37d3317457e0784438:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6ac0f49bcf10dc37d3317457e0784438 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6ac0f49bcf10dc37d3317457e0784438 .u6ac0f49bcf10dc37d3317457e0784438-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6ac0f49bcf10dc37d3317457e0784438:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My Future in Law Enforcement EssayThis line is crossed when people dont realize that in the grand scheme of media interaction, they are just a consumer. The only reason TV exists is for advertisement. Think of it this way, .

Impact of globalization on manufacturing in the U.S Essay Example

Impact of globalization on manufacturing in the U.S Essay Globalization owes its origin to at least the late 1980s. During this period, new nations were entering into manufacturing, which was in some logic the weakest connection in the U.S. series of science, development, manufacturing, and sale of goods and services. However, for some nations such as Japan, lower wages firstly made it possible to exploit this relative U.S. weakness. Nevertheless, Japan swiftly developed other diverse advantages articulated on improved manufacturing methods (Benjamin Perry, 2003).Impact on labor marketGlobalization stimulates extensively differing views and projections, varying from rosy portrayal of a supple, worldwide borderless labor market to awful situations of severe polarization between labor market winners as well as losers. First, let us examine globalization impact on careers (labor) and its subsequent consequences on manufacturing. With reduced trade barriers, new international market crop up as well as advanced information and communication tec hnologies, the job market was tremendously affected. Globalization has had an astonishing effect on working-class citizens in the United States, chiefly through the loss of hundreds of thousands of jobs brought about by outsourcing, with limited benefits to society (Benjamin Perry, 2003).The key motivation for the outsourcing of jobs was to cut the extremely high labor costs that are thought to diminish revenue. Employers are reluctant to hire workers due to high cost of employee benefits, competitive wages, and skyrocketing health-care premiums hence they consider outsourcing the work to be cheap (Bardhan Kroll, 2003). In essence, it is more economical for an American firm to hire a computer programmer in India who would be eager to perform the work for about one-fifth the pay of an American employee with a degree, whose starting salary would be about $50,000-$70,000 (Benjamin Perry, 2003). This leads Americans to be more uncertain about their job security since they cannot comp ete with their foreign counterparts that perform the same quantity of work for considerably less pay.Studies show that an estimated more than 2 million workers in the United States have lost their jobs in the last several years due to business closures in addition to layoffs (Bardhan Kroll, 2003), (Benjamin and Perry 2003). Whereas higher productivity and new management and hiring practices are associated with loss of jobs, a number of companies are increasingly transferring their businesses to other countries with cheap cost of wages as opposed United States. Manufacturing industry has suffered largely in terms of job losses, involving mostly blue-collar workers. It is however acknowledged that many of white-collar jobs are going to China (for manufacturing) (Benjamin and Perry 2003).In the case of working Americans, they have been negatively affected by the colossal increase in foreign trade. There has been loss of well-paying manufacturing jobs, important downward pressure on wa ges as well as increased disparity. The doubling of trade as a share of the economy over the last 25 years was accompanied by a substantial trade deficit, directly displacing several million jobs (Benjamin Perry, 2003).Majority of the jobs were in the manufacturing region, which incorporated millions of union jobs that were well paying compared with average wages (Bardhan Kroll, 2003). Within a period of five years from 2000 to 2005, there was decline as well as disappearance of more than three million manufacturing jobs. It is estimate that at least 30 percent of the decline was due to the rise in the manufactured goods trade deficit (Bardhan Kroll, 2003).With U.S. multinational corporations being occupied on both sides of the international trade, almost 50% of all U.S.-owned manufacturing production is now situated in foreign countries, thus an imperative part of the manufacturing job loss has been due to most of U.S. firms exporting back to the U.S. or producing abroad what th ey once produced locally (Benjamin Perry, 2003).The loss of manufacturing jobs as result of globalization saw wage losses for displaced workers, majority of whom never regained their former wage levels even after acquiring new employment. Globalization had also the effect of increasing world production capacity, which had had the effect of lowering the prices of traded goods, the consequence of which saw workers pay being reduced to reflect the value of goods produced (Bardhan Kroll, 2003). Employers to oppose wage increments for the manufacturing employees used the direct foreign threat.Similarly, the flow of investment in plant and equipment and technology oversaw increase in foreign productivity in sectors that used to be U.S. export strongholds, resulting in declining terms of trade and hence declining real income growth.Last but not the least, as foreign trade drove workers out of manufacturing into poorly paid service jobs; the new supply of workers competing for the same jo bs orchestrated lowering of wages of similarly skilled service workers. What does it imply? It implies that throwing the American workers into competition with production derived from low-wage countries, both those workers engaged directly in import-competing sectors as well as all employees economy-wide who have similar expertise and qualifications will have their wages squeezed. In fact, whereas trade flows with low-wage nations have increased, the distribution of income and wealth in the U.S. has grown more and more unequal (Benjamin Perry, 2003).Impact on input versus outputInternational Trade is increasingly imperative in the global economy and to the United States in particular.   During the last 15 years, global sells abroad have more than tripled and have accounted for more than a third of global economic growth. In deviation from the previous decades, when industrialized economies dictated global trade flows, there has been an increase in developing economies’ sha re of global exports by just over a quarter in the late 1990s to 41 percent by 2004 (Bardhan Kroll, 2003).Increased participation in international trade by the developing world is a crucial force behind what many refer to as â€Å"globalization†. Actually more than 50 percent of US trade presently carried out with developing countries, up from just over a third in the late 1980s.In US economy, manufacturing is the most trade-engaged sector accounting for 60% of the country’s exports and 80% of imports. Globalization has had an important impact on U.S. manufactures, as manufactured products accounts for 75 percent of worldwide trade (Bhagwati Marvin, 1994).Following vigorous intensification of both U.S. manufactured exports and imports at some stage in the mid 1990s; a noteworthy departure has taken place.   Ever since 1998, U.S. sells abroad have grown by just 3 percent per-year (Bardhan Kroll, 2003).   The country’s share of world exports fell from 13 pe rcent in 1998 to just 9 percent in 2004 – the lowly allocation dating 17 years back.   Happening correspondingly, imports grew by 8% per-year and the manufactured trade shortfall increased from -240 billion to -603 billion by 2005 (Bhagwati Marvin, 1994).Whereas a variety of the latest import surge has been as a result of the strong U.S. economy (especially since mid-2003) the truth remains that today, trade ins account for over a 35 percent of manufactured products consumed in the United States – an increase from 25 percent in 1992 and just 15% a 10 years earlier (Bhagwati Marvin, 1994).   A 66 percent of the increase in manufactured imports since 1998 originated from the developing world, and half of that has came from China alone.This rise in import penetration and loss of export competitiveness has had a significant impact on the current state manufacturing (Bhagwati Marvin, 1994).   While in general, manufacturing production has improved from the 2001 dec line, currently positioning at 6 percent above its pre-recession high, in addition to manufacturing employment increasing moderately subsequent to bottoming out earlier in 2004, the present manufacturing resurgence has developed half as fast as the recoveries following the preceding four declines (Bhagwati Marvin, 1994).Of eminent concern is the loss of market share both at home and abroad in recent years by the Unite States manufacturing. While some articulate this market share loss to be because of the inevitable bad trade policy as well as globalization, to others this serves as a pointer to the fact that   in a time of severe global competition, changes in a country’s competitiveness have much larger effects at present than they had in previous decades.Consider dollar value for instance. After sustaining stability for the better part of a decade, its value increased by 28 percent through the period running from 1996 to 2002. Dollar value increase led to imports being c ompetitive in the US market, whereas concurrently it made U.S. exports more costly in markets overseas.   It was during this period that, the rise in import penetration as well as the loss of global export share abroad was most significant.In a period of elevated international competition, US manufacturers have crucially been burdened by high structural non-production costs. Over the last decade, U.S. manufacturers have increased their productivity by over half, more than 150 percent the pace of their major trading partners.   Conversely, much of these efficiency gains have been offset by rising non-production costs at home. As per a research carried out several years ago by the NAM’s Manufacturing Institute, which compared non-production costs on U.S. manufacturers to their nine major trading competitors:The findings indicated that Corporate Taxes on U.S. manufacturers were 16% high than those of their major trading partners. Benefit costs  Ã‚   36% higher, Regulatory burden 85% higher and Litigation  Ã‚  Ã‚   250% higher. Summed up, these excessive non-production costs add 22% to the cost of manufacturing in the U.S. and put U.S. manufacturers at the same level with Germany as most expensive place to produce in the world (Benjamin Perry, 2003).   Moreover, the recent rise in natural gas prices in US has only exaggerated the problem. If US could exclude those excessive costs, it would actually be a lower-cost place to manufacturer than most of their industrialized competitors (Broda David, 2006).Outsourcing has seen the elimination of hundreds of thousands of jobs in the United States within the manufacturing industry. Outsourcing not only benefited US corporations, but also minimized the benefit to society (Broda David, 2006).To offer an anecdote to this observation that outsourcing only benefits corporations while, only minimizing the benefit to society, Tyco Corporation, recently relocated to a location in Texas.   Two of the major gr ounds for their relocation were due to the fact of lower labor costs as well as cheaper manufacturing costs (Broda David, 2006).   This was due to the comparatively close proximity to Mexico.Tyco perhaps took advantage of the great number of immigrants that move to Texas, who can work for comparatively low pay, which would facilitate raise, their bottom line. In so doing the company laid-off more than two hundred employees, some of this had been with the company for almost thirty-five years who had been making close to $22 per hour. The net effect was that these employees had to look for fresh employments, in lower-paying positions that maybe paid half as much, as well as they lost all of their seniority (Broda David, 2006).ConclusionEven though there has been decline in jobs as well as universal interest within the manufacturing sector, outsourcing has had its benefits within the United States (Mandel, 2004).   Sadly, it has been a consequence of just corporate welfare.   O utsourcing has absolutely maintained costs low because of cheap input costs, which drips downward to the end user in low-priced products.   In addition, with productivity rising from annually, corporations have been capable to raise their bottom lines while avoiding price surges (Mandel, 2004).   Regrettably, corporate profits are escalating, save for there are no new jobs being created—jobs relocated to other countries are not being replaced.If blue collar, working-class citizens as well as the jobless workers who experience no job intensification are losing out, in that case who is winning the battle?   Fine, additional productivity as well as lesser-input expenses decode to higher wealth. Businesses with their continually increasing profit limits; consumers, who experience near to the ground cost of goods.   Furthermore, with no job growth in the current economy, there is really no new job industry to lead the way in creating new jobs. Too many U.S. jobs are being outsourced, and without the innovation of new industries, â€Å"job growth will stay sluggish, demand will eventually sag, and†¦incomes will be driven down under the continued pressure of competition from China, India, and other low-wage countries† (Mandel, 2004). However, with the innovation of new upcoming technologies there can be an explosive surge in employment and enormous potential for the economy. Impact of globalization on manufacturing in the U.S Essay Example Impact of globalization on manufacturing in the U.S Essay Globalization owes its origin to at least the late 1980s. During this period, new nations were entering into manufacturing, which was in some logic the weakest connection in the U.S. series of science, development, manufacturing, and sale of goods and services. However, for some nations such as Japan, lower wages firstly made it possible to exploit this relative U.S. weakness. Nevertheless, Japan swiftly developed other diverse advantages articulated on improved manufacturing methods (Benjamin Perry, 2003).Impact on labor marketGlobalization stimulates extensively differing views and projections, varying from rosy portrayal of a supple, worldwide borderless labor market to awful situations of severe polarization between labor market winners as well as losers. First, let us examine globalization impact on careers (labor) and its subsequent consequences on manufacturing. With reduced trade barriers, new international market crop up as well as advanced information and communication tec hnologies, the job market was tremendously affected. Globalization has had an astonishing effect on working-class citizens in the United States, chiefly through the loss of hundreds of thousands of jobs brought about by outsourcing, with limited benefits to society (Benjamin Perry, 2003).The key motivation for the outsourcing of jobs was to cut the extremely high labor costs that are thought to diminish revenue. Employers are reluctant to hire workers due to high cost of employee benefits, competitive wages, and skyrocketing health-care premiums hence they consider outsourcing the work to be cheap (Bardhan Kroll, 2003). In essence, it is more economical for an American firm to hire a computer programmer in India who would be eager to perform the work for about one-fifth the pay of an American employee with a degree, whose starting salary would be about $50,000-$70,000 (Benjamin Perry, 2003). This leads Americans to be more uncertain about their job security since they cannot comp ete with their foreign counterparts that perform the same quantity of work for considerably less pay.Studies show that an estimated more than 2 million workers in the United States have lost their jobs in the last several years due to business closures in addition to layoffs (Bardhan Kroll, 2003), (Benjamin and Perry 2003). Whereas higher productivity and new management and hiring practices are associated with loss of jobs, a number of companies are increasingly transferring their businesses to other countries with cheap cost of wages as opposed United States. Manufacturing industry has suffered largely in terms of job losses, involving mostly blue-collar workers. It is however acknowledged that many of white-collar jobs are going to China (for manufacturing) (Benjamin and Perry 2003).In the case of working Americans, they have been negatively affected by the colossal increase in foreign trade. There has been loss of well-paying manufacturing jobs, important downward pressure on wa ges as well as increased disparity. The doubling of trade as a share of the economy over the last 25 years was accompanied by a substantial trade deficit, directly displacing several million jobs (Benjamin Perry, 2003).Majority of the jobs were in the manufacturing region, which incorporated millions of union jobs that were well paying compared with average wages (Bardhan Kroll, 2003). Within a period of five years from 2000 to 2005, there was decline as well as disappearance of more than three million manufacturing jobs. It is estimate that at least 30 percent of the decline was due to the rise in the manufactured goods trade deficit (Bardhan Kroll, 2003).With U.S. multinational corporations being occupied on both sides of the international trade, almost 50% of all U.S.-owned manufacturing production is now situated in foreign countries, thus an imperative part of the manufacturing job loss has been due to most of U.S. firms exporting back to the U.S. or producing abroad what th ey once produced locally (Benjamin Perry, 2003).The loss of manufacturing jobs as result of globalization saw wage losses for displaced workers, majority of whom never regained their former wage levels even after acquiring new employment. Globalization had also the effect of increasing world production capacity, which had had the effect of lowering the prices of traded goods, the consequence of which saw workers pay being reduced to reflect the value of goods produced (Bardhan Kroll, 2003). Employers to oppose wage increments for the manufacturing employees used the direct foreign threat.Similarly, the flow of investment in plant and equipment and technology oversaw increase in foreign productivity in sectors that used to be U.S. export strongholds, resulting in declining terms of trade and hence declining real income growth.Last but not the least, as foreign trade drove workers out of manufacturing into poorly paid service jobs; the new supply of workers competing for the same jo bs orchestrated lowering of wages of similarly skilled service workers. What does it imply? It implies that throwing the American workers into competition with production derived from low-wage countries, both those workers engaged directly in import-competing sectors as well as all employees economy-wide who have similar expertise and qualifications will have their wages squeezed. In fact, whereas trade flows with low-wage nations have increased, the distribution of income and wealth in the U.S. has grown more and more unequal (Benjamin Perry, 2003).Impact on input versus outputInternational Trade is increasingly imperative in the global economy and to the United States in particular.   During the last 15 years, global sells abroad have more than tripled and have accounted for more than a third of global economic growth. In deviation from the previous decades, when industrialized economies dictated global trade flows, there has been an increase in developing economies’ sha re of global exports by just over a quarter in the late 1990s to 41 percent by 2004 (Bardhan Kroll, 2003).Increased participation in international trade by the developing world is a crucial force behind what many refer to as â€Å"globalization†. Actually more than 50 percent of US trade presently carried out with developing countries, up from just over a third in the late 1980s.In US economy, manufacturing is the most trade-engaged sector accounting for 60% of the country’s exports and 80% of imports. Globalization has had an important impact on U.S. manufactures, as manufactured products accounts for 75 percent of worldwide trade (Bhagwati Marvin, 1994).Following vigorous intensification of both U.S. manufactured exports and imports at some stage in the mid 1990s; a noteworthy departure has taken place.   Ever since 1998, U.S. sells abroad have grown by just 3 percent per-year (Bardhan Kroll, 2003).   The country’s share of world exports fell from 13 pe rcent in 1998 to just 9 percent in 2004 – the lowly allocation dating 17 years back.   Happening correspondingly, imports grew by 8% per-year and the manufactured trade shortfall increased from -240 billion to -603 billion by 2005 (Bhagwati Marvin, 1994).Whereas a variety of the latest import surge has been as a result of the strong U.S. economy (especially since mid-2003) the truth remains that today, trade ins account for over a 35 percent of manufactured products consumed in the United States – an increase from 25 percent in 1992 and just 15% a 10 years earlier (Bhagwati Marvin, 1994).   A 66 percent of the increase in manufactured imports since 1998 originated from the developing world, and half of that has came from China alone.This rise in import penetration and loss of export competitiveness has had a significant impact on the current state manufacturing (Bhagwati Marvin, 1994).   While in general, manufacturing production has improved from the 2001 dec line, currently positioning at 6 percent above its pre-recession high, in addition to manufacturing employment increasing moderately subsequent to bottoming out earlier in 2004, the present manufacturing resurgence has developed half as fast as the recoveries following the preceding four declines (Bhagwati Marvin, 1994).Of eminent concern is the loss of market share both at home and abroad in recent years by the Unite States manufacturing. While some articulate this market share loss to be because of the inevitable bad trade policy as well as globalization, to others this serves as a pointer to the fact that   in a time of severe global competition, changes in a country’s competitiveness have much larger effects at present than they had in previous decades.Consider dollar value for instance. After sustaining stability for the better part of a decade, its value increased by 28 percent through the period running from 1996 to 2002. Dollar value increase led to imports being c ompetitive in the US market, whereas concurrently it made U.S. exports more costly in markets overseas.   It was during this period that, the rise in import penetration as well as the loss of global export share abroad was most significant.In a period of elevated international competition, US manufacturers have crucially been burdened by high structural non-production costs. Over the last decade, U.S. manufacturers have increased their productivity by over half, more than 150 percent the pace of their major trading partners.   Conversely, much of these efficiency gains have been offset by rising non-production costs at home. As per a research carried out several years ago by the NAM’s Manufacturing Institute, which compared non-production costs on U.S. manufacturers to their nine major trading competitors:The findings indicated that Corporate Taxes on U.S. manufacturers were 16% high than those of their major trading partners. Benefit costs  Ã‚   36% higher, Regulatory burden 85% higher and Litigation  Ã‚  Ã‚   250% higher. Summed up, these excessive non-production costs add 22% to the cost of manufacturing in the U.S. and put U.S. manufacturers at the same level with Germany as most expensive place to produce in the world (Benjamin Perry, 2003).   Moreover, the recent rise in natural gas prices in US has only exaggerated the problem. If US could exclude those excessive costs, it would actually be a lower-cost place to manufacturer than most of their industrialized competitors (Broda David, 2006).Outsourcing has seen the elimination of hundreds of thousands of jobs in the United States within the manufacturing industry. Outsourcing not only benefited US corporations, but also minimized the benefit to society (Broda David, 2006).To offer an anecdote to this observation that outsourcing only benefits corporations while, only minimizing the benefit to society, Tyco Corporation, recently relocated to a location in Texas.   Two of the major gr ounds for their relocation were due to the fact of lower labor costs as well as cheaper manufacturing costs (Broda David, 2006).   This was due to the comparatively close proximity to Mexico.Tyco perhaps took advantage of the great number of immigrants that move to Texas, who can work for comparatively low pay, which would facilitate raise, their bottom line. In so doing the company laid-off more than two hundred employees, some of this had been with the company for almost thirty-five years who had been making close to $22 per hour. The net effect was that these employees had to look for fresh employments, in lower-paying positions that maybe paid half as much, as well as they lost all of their seniority (Broda David, 2006).ConclusionEven though there has been decline in jobs as well as universal interest within the manufacturing sector, outsourcing has had its benefits within the United States (Mandel, 2004).   Sadly, it has been a consequence of just corporate welfare.   O utsourcing has absolutely maintained costs low because of cheap input costs, which drips downward to the end user in low-priced products.   In addition, with productivity rising from annually, corporations have been capable to raise their bottom lines while avoiding price surges (Mandel, 2004).   Regrettably, corporate profits are escalating, save for there are no new jobs being created—jobs relocated to other countries are not being replaced.If blue collar, working-class citizens as well as the jobless workers who experience no job intensification are losing out, in that case who is winning the battle?   Fine, additional productivity as well as lesser-input expenses decode to higher wealth. Businesses with their continually increasing profit limits; consumers, who experience near to the ground cost of goods.   Furthermore, with no job growth in the current economy, there is really no new job industry to lead the way in creating new jobs. Too many U.S. jobs are being outsourced, and without the innovation of new industries, â€Å"job growth will stay sluggish, demand will eventually sag, and†¦incomes will be driven down under the continued pressure of competition from China, India, and other low-wage countries† (Mandel, 2004). However, with the innovation of new upcoming technologies there can be an explosive surge in employment and enormous potential for the economy.

Living in a Samoan Fale (house)

Living in a Samoan Fale (house) The type of materials that was once used in construction of structures that people used to live in among the Maori people was the things that they would find readily available in the swamps as well as the forests. They would gather up all their building materials after sifting through what they needed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Living in a Samoan Fale (house) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This mainly consisted of grass, reeds bark from trees as well as wood. The first people to get there from foreign lands were taught how to put up their structures using various natural materials. The use of other types of building materials such as bricks was not been embraced. The forest cover was quite extensive and this ensured that the supply of wood and bark as well as other materials used in construction was inexhaustible. The structures that the people put up were made of wood on the inside as well as the outside. Th e inner sides of the walls were made of large pieces of wood which was mostly covered in a textile that was woven. This material was called scrim. The outermost layer was wallpaper. The roofs of their shelters which were formed from wooden material were draughty and when it rained, the effects were felt on the inside with the rain dripping into the shelters. Pegs that were made from wood were used to hold the joints fast together. It is good to try and maintain the conventional lifestyle that was once the main style of living. One of the styles that one ought to try and consider is living in a Samoan Fale. The types of structures are very simple to come up with since everything is straight forward. The materials do not require a lot of work to acquire the right ones. Getting the wood is almost the easiest part of it. The good thing about this types of structures is that they are open and do not entail a lot of details. The structure consists of an open room that is very easily acces sible. There are also no windows to the structure which is one feature that makes it quite unique. The whole idea behind the construction of these structures is to have an open but enclosed area. It gives one plenty of space to move around. The space is suitable for people who may be claustr4phobic. It is also suitable for the people who like to have a lot of freedom. The structure enables one to move around without any obstruction of sorts that may normally interrupt people’s movement. The floors are simple and do not entail the complex materials that are used to construct the more contemporary houses. In general, it can be argued that apart from missing the luxuries that contemporary homes offer one, a Samoan Fale offers a sense of freedom that can only be found there. An individual can relax and take time off to reflect on issue that may be affecting their lives while resting in a Fale.Advertising Looking for essay on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you ! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is unlike a modern home which gives one the feeling of being enclosed within the confines of walls which may act as a lock out mechanism. The feeling of locking out the world from ones self is normally associated with depression. The Samoan Fale can help one avoid depression by getting them to feel like they are part and parcel of the society. One important aspect of the Samoan Fale is that it helps simplify the construction and is environment friendly. There is little damage that is done to the environment compared to the other types of houses which entail a lot of work that may eventually play a major role in affecting the environment. By playing a role in conserving the nature, one will leave their mark in the world when they are no longer here. By Living in a Samoan Fale, one can experience many things that they would have not been able to go through before. The feeling of being attachà © d to nature is one of the positive feelings that the structure will offer one. Most people suffer from the stress that is associated with everyday goings on. This may include work and domestic related stress. Living in a Samoan Fale may give one a route with which they can escape from the hustle and bustle of daily living. It may be considered the equivalent of camping out in the wild although it is not exactly out there in the wild. An individual may learn to appreciate the true aspects of nature when they live in a Samoan Fale. Appreciating the beauty of the structure among other things is only the first step in achieving self satisfaction which is very important for people. Structures that have been designed with the Samoan Fale in mind are very beautiful and can attract a lot of attention. They are unique and have a blend of modern styles and contemporary art. They appeal to all people who see them and they are also easy to construct. The benefits of living in a Samoan Fale are countless. It is a goo d inspirational tool and will motivate anyone who lives in it to try and do something different.

The Trend of Job Relocation and its Influences Essay

The Trend of Job Relocation and its Influences - Essay Example Compared to other developed nations, like those in Western Europe or Japan, the United States' land area is expansive - we cover half of the North American continent. While in other places, job relocation happens relatively close to home due to the smaller geographic region of political and language borders, it is not the same in the United States. Our geographical boundaries are wide enough to hit two oceans. When we go across the country, ties with family and community are completely cut. Job relocation of any person in a family is harmful to the family structure. A key players is removed from the family unit, be it the father, mother, even children. Reimer conducted a research study that suggested job relocation was potentially harmful to families (2000). The possible outcomes of the trend "job relocation" are multiple depending on the specific demographic taken into account, family members involved in the move, and the stability of labor markets. For example, job relocation for migrant families depends heavily on the legislation concerning them, legislation concerning migrant worker programs, education patterns and benefits for children of migrant workers, and others. Globalization is another factor that will affect job relocation.